Preparation and evaluation of spinacia oleracea extract and zinc nanosizes effect on experimental biochemical disorders and oxidative stress in rat

The main goal of this study was to evaluate nanotherapy based on ZnO nanoparticles and combination between phytotherapy and nanotherapy based on encapsulation of Spinach (Spinacia oleraceae) aqueous extract in nano vasicles to reverse fluoride overdose-induced- experimental biochemical disorders and oxidative stress in rats. For this purpose, thirty six male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=6); the first group (G01) used as a control group. (G02) had given fluoride as fluoride sodium (NaF) in their drinking water to induce systemic toxicity (400 ppm) during 11 weeks. NaF rats injected intraperitoneally 03 times in the last 03 weeks by: Spinach Extract encapsulated in vesicles:7mg/kg body weight(G03), Spinach mediated ZnO nanoparticles green synthesis (SpE-ZnO-NPs): 7mg/kg body weight/week (G04) and Co-treatments (G03+G04) for NaF rats (G05) and control rats (G06). (G01) and (G02) were injected with physiological saline solution. Our biosynthesis ZnO using spinach extract (SpE-ZnO-NPs) characterized as irregular in the morphological shape, rod-like morphology with mean size 30 nm and hexagonal crystallites structure. In-vitro SpE-ZnO-NPs present anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory and narrow antibacterial capacities without any In vivo toxicity at the concentrations studied indicating its safety and beneficial therapeutic effect. Spinach extract encapsulated vesicles characterized as regular (uniform in the morphological shape) and spherical with mean diameter 510 ł 27.5 nm. According to the results which have been obtained; fluoride exposure cause hyperthyroidism, hypoglycemia, hyperparathyroidism and anemia. Significant perturbation in markers functions of kidney (P<0.01) and liver (P<0.001). Results showed also a significant disturbance in electrolytes levels (P<0.01) in NaF group when compared to control rats. Moreover, the findings showed that overdose of fluoride affected antioxidant defense system by decreasing Glutathione (GSH) level and altering Glutathione S transferase (GST) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities simultaneously with malondialdehyde (MDA) level increase in brain, thyroid, liver, kidney, heart, spleen and testis tissues. The histological examination of the cellular structure of the testis, liver and kidney tissues of NaF exposed rats recorded remarkable changes in the tissues' appearance. However, the administration of various treatments ameliorated thyroid function, hematological and biochemical parameters, and restored the histological alterations. Among these treatments, the combined treatment showed the greatest improvement in thyroid, renal, hepatic, hematological, and cardiovascular dysfunctions. It completely restored the studied biochemical parameters as well as that of oxidative stress. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the beneficial effects of nano-phytotherapy, whether administered separately or in combination, on oxidative stress and its metabolic and physiological complications.